🎯 Introduction

This simulation models a single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier using an SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier). The rectifier converts AC voltage to DC voltage with control over the output through firing angle adjustment.

🔧 Circuit Operation

The circuit consists of:

• AC Source: Sinusoidal voltage input
• SCR (Thyristor): Controlled switch triggered by gate signal
• Load: Can be resistive, RL, or RC
• Filter Components: Optional L and C for smoothing

📐 Key Parameters

• Firing Angle (α): Controls when SCR turns ON (0° to 180°)
• Average Output Voltage: V_avg = V_m(1+cos α)/(2π)
• RMS Output Voltage: V_rms = V_m√[(π-α+sin2α/2)/(2π)]
• Form Factor: FF = V_rms/V_avg
• Ripple Factor: RF = √(FF² - 1)

🎛️ Control Instructions

1. Set your AC input parameters (peak voltage, frequency)
2. Configure SCR characteristics (forward voltage, resistance)
3. Select load type and values
4. Adjust firing angle for desired output
5. Run simulation to see waveforms and analysis

📊 Waveform Analysis

The simulation displays:

• Voltage Waveforms: Input AC, gate signal, output DC, SCR voltage
• Current Waveforms: Input, output, SCR, and load currents
• Harmonic Spectrum: FFT analysis of current and voltage

🔍 Power Quality Metrics

• THD (Total Harmonic Distortion): Measure of waveform distortion
• Power Factor: Real power to apparent power ratio
• Crest Factor: Peak to RMS ratio
• Distortion Factor: Fundamental to RMS ratio

💡 Tips for Best Results

• Start with firing angle around 30° for visible effects
• Use medium or high resolution for accurate harmonic analysis
• Compare different load types to see their effects
• Export data for detailed offline analysis
• Use filter components to reduce output ripple

⚠️ Important Notes

• Firing angle of 0° gives maximum output (uncontrolled rectifier)
• Firing angle of 180° gives zero output
• Higher firing angles increase harmonic distortion
• RL loads provide natural current smoothing
• RC loads can cause discontinuous conduction